Self-aligned gate edge and local interconnect

ABSTRACT

Self-aligned gate edge and local interconnect structures and methods of fabricating self-aligned gate edge and local interconnect structures are described. In an example, a semiconductor structure includes a semiconductor fin disposed above a substrate and having a length in a first direction. A gate structure is disposed over the semiconductor fin, the gate structure having a first end opposite a second end in a second direction, orthogonal to the first direction. A pair of gate edge isolation structures is centered with the semiconductor fin. A first of the pair of gate edge isolation structures is disposed directly adjacent to the first end of the gate structure, and a second of the pair of gate edge isolation structures is disposed directly adjacent to the second end of the gate structure.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/789,315, filed Oct. 20, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/024,750, filed Mar. 24, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No.9,831,306 issued Nov. 28, 2017, which is a U.S. National Phaseapplication under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No.PCT/US13/076673, filed Dec. 19, 2013, entitled “Self-Aligned Gate Edgeand Local Interconnect and Method to Fabricate Same” the entire contentsof which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the invention are in the field of semiconductor devicesand processing and, in particular, self-aligned gate edge and localinterconnect structures and methods of fabricating self-aligned gateedge and local interconnect structures.

BACKGROUND

For the past several decades, the scaling of features in integratedcircuits has been a driving force behind an ever-growing semiconductorindustry. Scaling to smaller and smaller features enables increaseddensities of functional units on the limited real estate ofsemiconductor chips. For example, shrinking transistor size allows forthe incorporation of an increased number of memory or logic devices on achip, lending to the fabrication of products with increased capacity.The drive for ever-more capacity, however, is not without issue. Thenecessity to optimize the performance of each device becomesincreasingly significant.

In the manufacture of integrated circuit devices, multi-gatetransistors, such as tri-gate transistors, have become more prevalent asdevice dimensions continue to scale down. In conventional processes,tri-gate transistors are generally fabricated on either bulk siliconsubstrates or silicon-on-insulator substrates. In some instances, bulksilicon substrates are preferred due to their lower cost and becausethey enable a less complicated tri-gate fabrication process.

Scaling multi-gate transistors has not been without consequence,however. As the dimensions of these fundamental building blocks ofmicroelectronic circuitry are reduced and as the sheer number offundamental building blocks fabricated in a given region is increased,the constraints on the lithographic processes used to pattern thesebuilding blocks have become overwhelming. In particular, there may be atrade-off between the smallest dimension of a feature patterned in asemiconductor stack (the critical dimension) and the spacing betweensuch features.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of a layout including fin-basedsemiconductor devices accommodating end-to-end spacing.

FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate cross-sectional views of process operations ofsignificance in a conventional finFET or tri-gate process fabricationscheme.

FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate cross-sectional views of process operations ofsignificance in a self-aligned gate edge process fabrication scheme forfinFET or tri-gate devices, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate cross-sectional views and corresponding top viewsof process operations in another self-aligned gate edge processfabrication scheme for finFET or tri-gate devices, in accordance withanother embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of asemiconductor device having self-aligned gate/trench contact endcap(SAGE) with a pitch division patterned local interconnect (LI), inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of asemiconductor device having self-aligned gate/trench contact endcap(SAGE) with a self-aligned local interconnect (SAGELI), in accordancewith another embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A-6H illustrate angled, three-dimensional cross-sectional viewsof various operations in the fabrication of self-aligned gate endcaps,in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate angled, three-dimensional cross-sectional viewsof various structural options for providing a foundation for localinterconnect fabrication, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 8A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a non-planar semiconductordevice having self-aligned gate edge isolation, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8B illustrates a plan view taken along the a-a′ axis of thesemiconductor device of FIG. 8A, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a computing device in accordance with oneimplementation of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Self-aligned gate edge and local interconnect structures and methods offabricating self-aligned gate edge and local interconnect structures aredescribed. In the following description, numerous specific details areset forth, such as specific integration and material regimes, in orderto provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the presentinvention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art thatembodiments of the present invention may be practiced without thesespecific details. In other instances, well-known features, such asintegrated circuit design layouts, are not described in detail in orderto not unnecessarily obscure embodiments of the present invention.Furthermore, it is to be understood that the various embodiments shownin the Figures are illustrative representations and are not necessarilydrawn to scale.

One or more embodiments of the present invention are directed tosemiconductor structures or devices having one or more gate edgestructures (e.g., as gate isolation regions) of gate electrodes of thesemiconductor structures or devices. One or more embodiments aredirected to the fabrication of local interconnects for such gateelectrode structures. Additionally, methods of fabricating gate edgeisolation structures in a self-aligned manner and/or methods offabricating local interconnects are also described. In one or moreembodiments, self-aligned gate edge structures and/or localinterconnects are fabricated for logic transistors based oncomplementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices.

To provide context, scaling of gate endcap and trench contact (TCN)endcap regions are important contributors towards improving transistorlayout area and density. Gate and TCN endcap regions refer to gate andTCN overlap of the diffusion region/fins of semiconductor devices. As anexample, FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of a layout 100 includingfin-based semiconductor devices accommodating end-to-end spacing.Referring to FIG. 1, first 102 and second 104 semiconductor devices arebased on semiconductor fins 106 and 108, respectively. Each device 102and 104 has a gate electrode 110 or 112, respectively. Additionally,each device 102 and 104 has trench contacts (TCNs) 114 and 116,respectively, at source and drain regions of the fins 106 and 108,respectively. The gate electrodes 110 and 112 and the TCNs 114 and 116each have an end cap region, which is located off of the correspondingfins 106 and 108, respectively.

Referring again to FIG. 1, typically, gate and TCN endcap dimensionsmust include an allowance for mask registration error to ensure robusttransistor operation for worst case mask mis-registration, leaving anend-to-end spacing 118. Thus, another important design rule critical toimproving transistor layout density is the spacing between two adjacentendcaps facing each other. However, the parameters of“2*Endcap+End-to-End Spacing” are becoming increasingly difficult toscale using lithographic patterning to meet the scaling requirements fornew technologies. In particular, the additional endcap length requiredto allow for mask registration error also increases gate capacitancevalues due to longer overlap length between TCN and gate electrodes,thereby increasing product dynamic energy consumption and degradingperformance. Previous solutions have focused on improving registrationbudget and patterning or resolution improvements to enable shrinkage ofboth endcap dimension and endcap-to-endcap spacing.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, approachesare described which provide for self-aligned gate endcap and TCN overlapof a semiconductor fin without any need to allow for mask registration.In one such embodiment, a disposable spacer is fabricated on thesemiconductor fin edges which determines the gate endcap and the contactoverlap dimensions. The spacer defined endcap process enables the gateand TCN endcap regions to be self-aligned to the semiconductor fin and,therefore, does not require extra endcap length to account for maskmis-registration. Furthermore, approaches described herein do notrequire lithographic patterning at previously required stages since thegate and TCN endcap/overlap dimensions remain fixed, leading toimprovement (i.e., reduction) in device to device variability inelectrical parameters.

In order to provide a side-by-side comparison, FIGS. 2A-2D illustratecross-sectional views of process operations of significance in aconventional finFET or tri-gate process fabrication scheme, while FIGS.3A-3D illustrate cross-sectional views of process operations ofsignificance in a self-aligned gate edge process fabrication scheme forfinFET or tri-gate devices, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

Referring to FIGS. 2A and 3A, a bulk semiconductor substrate 200 or 300,such as a bulk single crystalline silicon substrate is provided havingfins 202 or 302, respectively, etched therein. In an embodiment, thefins are formed directly in the bulk substrate 200 or 300 and, as such,are formed continuous with the bulk substrate 200 or 300. It is to beappreciated that within the substrate 200 or 300, shallow trenchisolation structures may be formed between fins. Referring to FIG. 3A, ahardmask layer 304, such as a silicon nitride hardmask layer, and a padoxide layer 306, such as a silicon dioxide layer, remain atop fins 302following patterning to form the fins 302. By contrast, referring toFIG. 2A, such a hardmask layer and pad oxide layer have been removed.

Referring to FIG. 2B, a dummy or permanent gate dielectric layer 210 isformed on the exposed surfaces of the semiconductor fins 202, and adummy gate layer 212 is formed over the resulting structure. Bycontrast, referring to FIG. 3B, a dummy or permanent gate dielectriclayer 310 is formed on the exposed surfaces of the semiconductor fins302, and dummy spacers 312 are formed adjacent to the resultingstructure.

Referring to FIG. 2C, gate endcap cut patterning is performed andisolation regions 214 are formed at the resulting patterned dummy gateends 216. In the conventional process scheme, a larger gate endcap mustbe fabricated to allow for gate mask mis-registration, as depicted bythe arrowed regions 218. By contrast, referring to FIG. 3C, self-alignedisolation regions 314 are formed by providing an isolation layer overthe structure of FIG. 3B, e.g., by deposition and planarization. In onesuch embodiment, the self-aligned gate endcap process does not requireextra space for mask registration, as compared in FIGS. 2C and 3C.

Referring to FIG. 2D, the dummy gate electrode 212 of FIG. 2C isreplaced with permanent gate electrodes. In the case of use of a dummygate dielectric layer, such a dummy gate dielectric layer may also bereplaced by a permanent gate dielectric layer in this process. In thespecific example shown, a dual metal gate replacement process isperformed to provide an N-type gate electrode 220 over a firstsemiconductor fin 202A and to provide a P-type gate electrode 222 over asecond semiconductor fin 202B. The N-type gate electrode 220 and theP-type gate electrode 222 are formed between the gate edge isolationsstructures 214, but form a P/N junction 224 where they meet. The exactlocation of the P/N junction 224 may vary, depending onmis-registration, as depicted by the arrowed region 226.

By contrast, referring to FIG. 3D, the hardmask layer 304 and pad oxidelayer 306 are removed, and the dummy spacers 314 of FIG. 3C are replacedwith permanent gate electrodes. In the case of use of a dummy gatedielectric layer, such a dummy gate dielectric layer may also bereplaced by a permanent gate dielectric layer in this process. In thespecific example shown, a dual metal gate replacement process isperformed to provide an N-type gate electrode 320 over a firstsemiconductor fin 302A and to provide a P-type gate electrode 322 over asecond semiconductor fin 302B. The N-type gate electrode 320 and theP-type gate electrode 322 are formed between, and are also separated by,the gate edge isolations structures 314.

Referring again to FIG. 2D, a local interconnect 240 may be fabricatedto contact N-type gate electrode 220 and P-type gate electrode 322 toprovide a conductive path around the P/N junction 224. Likewise,referring to FIG. 3D, a local interconnect 340 may be fabricated tocontact N-type gate electrode 320 and P-type gate electrode 322 toprovide a conductive path over the intervening isolation structure 314there between. Referring to both FIGS. 2D and 3D, a hardmask 242 or 342may be formed on the local interconnect 240 or 340, respectively.

In another aspect, a hardmask and pad oxide layer may not be retainedatop patterned find throughout a dummy spacer and self-aligned gate edgeisolations structure fabrication process. As such, the height of thesemiconductor fins relative to the height of the dummy spacers may needto be differentiated in another way. As an example, FIGS. 4A-4Gillustrate cross-sectional views and corresponding top views of processoperations in another self-aligned gate edge process fabrication schemefor finFET or tri-gate devices, in accordance with another embodiment ofthe present invention.

Referring to FIG. 4A, a bulk semiconductor substrate 400, such as a bulksingle crystalline silicon substrate, is provided having fins 402 etchedtherein. In an embodiment, the fins 402 are formed directly in the bulksubstrate 400 and, as such, are formed continuous with the bulksubstrate 400. It is to be appreciated that within the substrate 400,shallow trench isolation structures may be formed between fins. In oneembodiment, artifacts from patterning the fins 402, such as a hardmasklayer and a pad oxide layer, have been removed, as is depicted in FIG.4A.

Referring to FIG. 4B, dummy spacers 404 are formed along the sidewallsof the fins 402. In an embodiment, the dummy spacers 404 are formed by adeposition and etch process that ultimately exposes the top surface ofthe fins 402. It is to be appreciated that the fins 402 may bepassivated, e.g., by deposition or growth of a dummy gate dielectriclayer, prior to the formation of the dummy spacers 404. In oneembodiment, the fins 402 are silicon fins passivated with a silicondioxide layer, and the dummy spacers are fabricated from silicon nitrideor like material. In another embodiment, however the fins 402 are notpassivated at this stage.

Referring to FIG. 4C, isolations structures 406 are formed in the openregions of the structure of FIG. 4B. In an embodiment, the isolationregions 406 are formed by deposition and subsequent planarization (e.g.,by chemical mechanical polishing) of a dielectric film over thestructure of FIG. 4B. In a particular embodiment, the isolationstructures are composed of a material such as, but not limited to,silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, or a combinationthereof.

Referring to FIG. 4D, the fins 402 are recessed relative to the heightof the isolation structures 406 and relative to the height of the dummyspacers 404. In an embodiment, the recessing is performed by using aselective etch process. In one such embodiment, a passivation layerfirst formed on fins 402 is removed prior to or during the recessing ofthe fins 402.

Referring to FIG. 4E, the dummy spacers 404 are removed from thestructure of FIG. 4D. In an embodiment, the removal is performed byusing a selective etch process. In one such embodiment, the isolationstructures 406 are composed of silicon oxide, the fins 402 are composedof silicon, and the selectively removed dummy spacers are composed ofsilicon nitride.

Referring to FIG. 4F, a gate electrode stack 408 is formed in thelocations from which dummy spacers 404 were removed and along the topsurfaces of the recessed fins 402. In an embodiment, the gate electrodestack 408 includes a conformal gate dielectric layer 410, such as ahigh-k gate dielectric layer, and a metal gate electrode 412. Thecross-sectional view of FIG. 4F is taken along the a-a′ axis of the topview of FIG. 4F. It is to be understood, however, that the top view istaken somewhat deeper into the structure in order to show the whole fins402. In actuality, the metal gate material 412 would cover the fins 402in the top view.

Referring to FIG. 4G, trench contacts 414 are formed adjacent to thegate electrode stacks 408 and along the top surfaces of the recessedfins 402. In an embodiment, the trench contacts 414 are for contactingsource and drain regions within the fins 402, and are separated from thegate electrode stacks 408 by dielectric spacers 416. The cross-sectionalview of FIG. 4G is taken along the b-b′ axis of the top view of FIG. 4G.It is to be understood, however, that the top view is taken somewhatdeeper into the structure in order to show the whole fins 402. Inactuality, the trench contacts 414 would cover the fins 402 in the topview.

In another aspect, referring again to FIG. 3D, in an embodiment, one ormore of the above approaches requires an additional local interconnectlayer (LI) above gate and trench contact (TCN) to connect adjacent gatesand TCN electrodes. In one such embodiment, such a local interconnectmust overlap gate and TCN, without creating contact to gate (CTG)shorting. As such, fabrication of the local interconnect can requirepatterning of lines at ½ of gate pitch with good CTG short margin, whilemaintaining robust LI to TCN contact. Hence, the alignment between LIand gate or TCN is another difficult patterning problem. As such, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention, in order toaddress the above concern, a fabrication scheme for local interconnectlines which are self-aligned to gate and TCN without any need to allowfor mask registration is provided. The approach involves fabrication ofa spacer along a taller stack that includes a dummy gate and hardmaskand which extends above the self-aligned gate endcap. In one suchembodiment, the spacers serve as continuous self-aligned wallsseparating gate and contact. Two additional dielectric materials withcontrasting etch properties may be used as hardmasks to allow forselectively opening an area for gate-LI (LIG) and TCN-LI (LIT).

As an example, FIG. 5A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portionof a semiconductor device having self-aligned gate/trench contact endcap(SAGE) with a pitch division patterned local interconnect (LI), inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. By contrast,FIG. 5B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of asemiconductor device having self-aligned gate/trench contact endcap(SAGE) with a self-aligned local interconnect (SAGELI), in accordancewith another embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 5A, a semiconductor device 500A includes asemiconductor fin 502. A plurality of short self-aligned isolationstructures 504 separate alternating gate 506 and trench contact 508regions. Upper isolation structures 510 separate alternating trenchcontact local interconnects 512 and gate local interconnects 514. Thetrench contact local interconnects 512 and gate local interconnects 514are formed by pitch division patterning to accommodate formis-registration, as is shown in FIG. 5A. It is to be appreciated thatdielectric caps may be formed on the trench contact local interconnects512 and gate local interconnects 514, as is also depicted in FIG. 5A.

Referring to FIG. 5B, a semiconductor device 500B includes asemiconductor fin 552. A plurality of tall self-aligned isolationstructures 554 separate alternating gate 556 and trench contact 558regions. The same isolation structures 554 also separate alternatingtrench contact local interconnects 562 and gate local interconnects 564.The trench contact local interconnects 512 and gate local interconnects514 are formed without using an additional lithography operation as wasneed for the case of FIG. 5A. It is to be appreciated that dielectriccaps may be formed on the trench contact local interconnects 562 andgate local interconnects 564, as is depicted in FIG. 5B. It is also tobe appreciated that the trench contact local interconnects 512 and gatelocal interconnects 514 are, in an embodiment, fabricated at differenttimes, the process for forming each taking advantage of the use ofplugs/hardmask layers as placeholders prior to replacement with theactual permanent materials of the trench contact local interconnects 512and gate local interconnects 514. Furthermore, although all locations inFIG. 5B are shown as having a gate local interconnect or trench contactlocal interconnect, not all locations need be selected for localinterconnection. In locations not selected a dielectric plug or hardmaskmay remain (i.e., it is not selected for removal at certain locations).

As exemplary approaches, FIGS. 6A-6H illustrate angled,three-dimensional cross-sectional views of various operations in thefabrication of self-aligned gate endcaps, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 7A-7D illustrate angled,three-dimensional cross-sectional views of various structural optionsfor providing a foundation for local interconnect fabrication, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 6A, a plurality of semiconductor fins 602 is formed bypatterning a substrate 600, such as a single crystalline siliconsubstrate, and the patterning may involve pitch halving or pitchquartering patterning. Furthermore, a passivation layer 604, a dummygate layer 606 (such as a polycrystalline silicon layer), and a hardmasklayer 608 are patterned during the fin 602 patterning.

Referring to FIG. 6B, a shallow trench isolation (STI) layer 610 isformed over the structure of FIG. 6A. In an embodiment, the STI layer610 includes a silicon dioxide layer and is formed by chemical vapordeposition (CVD) and subsequent chemical mechanical planarization (CMP).In one embodiment, the STI structure includes a liner dielectric layer612, as shown in FIG. 6B.

Referring to FIG. 6C, the STI layer 610 of FIG. 6B is recessed to forman STI structure 614 (which may include a liner dielectric layer) and adummy gate dielectric layer 616 is formed on the resulting structure. Inone such embodiment, the dummy gate dielectric layer 616 is formed bydeposition and is further deposited on the STI structure 614, asdepicted. Furthermore, hardmask layer 608 may be removed, as is alsodepicted.

Referring to FIG. 6D, spacers 618 are formed along the sidewalls of theprotruding portions of the structure of FIG. 6C. In an embodiment, thespacers 618 are formed by a deposition and subsequent anisotropic etchprocess. In one such embodiment, the spacers are composed of depositedpolycrystalline silicon. Depending on the spacing between certain of thefins 602, some spacers 618 are discrete from all other spacers, whilesome spacers are continuous with another spacer. As an example, theportion 620A has discrete spacers 618A, while the portion 620B includesa pair of continuous spacers 618B. Thus, referring collectively to FIGS.6A-6D, a finFET “hat” and dummy gate poly are patterned with a standardpitch division fin patterning process and a spacer is created on bothsides of the patterned fin-poly pillars.

Referring to FIG. 6E, the gaps between the spacers 618 of FIG. 6D arefilled with a dielectric material layer 622 to create transistorisolations. In an embodiment, the dielectric material is composed of asilicon nitride material.

Referring to FIG. 6F, the dielectric material layer 622 is planarized(e.g., by CMP) to expose the dummy gate layer 606 and the correspondingspacers 618. In an embodiment, both the dummy gate layer 606 and thecorresponding spacers 618 are composed of polycrystalline silicon. Theprocess forms self-aligned end cap isolation walls 624.

Referring to FIG. 6G, a second dummy layer and hardmask stack or a tallhardmask only are/is deposited and patterned using pitch division gatepatterning (both cases shown as item 626 in FIG. 6G) on the structure ofFIG. 6H. In an embodiment, in the case that a dummy layer and hardmaskstack is used, the dummy layer is composed of polycrystalline silicon.

Referring to FIG. 6H, an anisotropic etch selective to hardmask layer626, isolation walls 624 and finFET “hat” 616 (e.g., remaining from thedummy gate dielectric layer) is performed to provide a straight profilebetween patterned lines and resulting endcap isolation cages 628.Although not shown, following gate spacer formation, N-type or P-typesource drain formation, and gate electrode replacement (e.g., withhigh-k/metal gate), a conductive material can be formed in the endcapisolation cages 628 to provide trench contacts. And, in cases where theisolation walls are of sufficient height, self-aligned localinterconnect lines may be fabricated, examples of which are describedbelow in association with FIGS. 7C and 7D.

To provide an initial comparison, FIG. 7A illustrates an angled,three-dimensional cross-sectional view of a foundational structure 700Awithout self-aligned gate edge isolation. Referring to FIG. 7A, aplurality of fins 702A has a dummy gate layer 704A and correspondinghardmask 706A patterned thereon. In the subsequent fabrication of localinterconnects, a pitch divisional patterning scheme would have to beemployed.

FIG. 7B illustrates an angled, three-dimensional cross-sectional view ofa foundational structure 700B having self-aligned gate edge isolation.Referring to FIG. 7B, a plurality of fins 702B has a dummy gate layer704B and corresponding hardmask 706B patterned thereon. Self-alignedgate edge isolation structures 708B are formed between various groupingsof the fins 702B. However, the hardmask 706B is relatively shortcompared with the self-aligned gate edge isolation structures 708B. Assuch, in the subsequent fabrication of local interconnects, a pitchdivisional patterning scheme would have to be employed.

FIG. 7C illustrates an angled, three-dimensional cross-sectional view ofa foundational structure 700C having self-aligned gate edge isolation.Referring to FIG. 7C, a plurality of fins 702C has a dummy gate layer704C, corresponding second dummy layer 705C, and corresponding hardmask706C patterned thereon. Self-aligned gate edge isolation structures 708Care formed between various groupings of the fins 702C. The height of thehardmask 706C together with the second dummy layer 705C is relativelytall compared with the self-aligned gate edge isolation structures 708C.As such, in the subsequent fabrication of local interconnects, aself-aligned local interconnect scheme may be employed.

FIG. 7D illustrates an angled, three-dimensional cross-sectional view ofa foundational structure 700D having self-aligned gate edge isolation.Referring to FIG. 7D, a plurality of fins 702D has a dummy gate layer704D and a corresponding tall hardmask 706D patterned thereon.Self-aligned gate edge isolation structures 708D are formed betweenvarious groupings of the fins 702D. The height of the tall hardmask 706Dis relatively tall compared with the self-aligned gate edge isolationstructures 708D. As such, in the subsequent fabrication of localinterconnects, a self-aligned local interconnect scheme may be employed.

More generally, one or more embodiments described herein provide anavenue for area scaling, reducing capacitance, and/or eliminatingvarious critical front end masks, such as gate cut masks. In one suchembodiment the width of a minimum transistor can be reduced by up to 30%by implementing one or more of the approaches describe herein. Thesmaller transistor size reduces the capacitance between the gate and TCNand other parasitic capacitances. No extra mask steps are needed tocreate the endcaps, contacts and local interconnect lines so the manymasks needed for such features in the standard process are eliminated.

More specifically, key features of one or more embodiments describedabove may include one or more of: (1) the gate endcap is the distancefrom the fin edge to the isolation edge. This distance is defined by thespacer width and is the same size for all transistors. No lithographicpatterning is needed to define the endcap so there is no need to allowfor mask registration in the endcap. (2) The TCN overlap of the fin isdetermined by the spacer width and is also not affected by maskregistration. (3) The local interconnect lines are self-aligned to thegate and TCN by utilizing the gate patterning lines above the transistorisolation walls to form three distinct hardmasks that can be selectivelyopened one at a time. Embodiments may be applicable to the 7 nm nodegeneration, e.g., to improve transistor layout density and gatecapacitance (dynamic energy and performance improvement) and reducetotal mask count.

It is to be appreciated that the structures resulting from the aboveexemplary processing schemes may be used in a same or similar form forsubsequent processing operations to complete device fabrication, such asPMOS and NMOS device fabrication. As an example of a completed device,FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate a cross-sectional view and a plan view (takenalong the a-a′ axis of the cross-sectional view), respectively, of anon-planar semiconductor device having self-aligned gate edge isolation,in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, and asbuilding on the structure described in association with FIG. 3D.

Referring to FIG. 8A, a semiconductor structure or device 800 includes anon-planar active regions (e.g., a fin structures including protrudingfin portion 804 and sub-fin region 805) formed from substrate 802, andwithin isolation region 806. Gate structures 808 are disposed over theprotruding portions 804 of the non-planar active regions as well as overa portion of the isolation region 806. As shown, gate structures 808include a gate electrode 850 and a gate dielectric layer 852. In oneembodiment, although not shown, gate structures 808 may also include adielectric cap layer. Gate structures 808 are separated by self-alignedgate edge isolation structures 820. A local interconnect 854 coupledadjacent gate structures 808. A gate contact 814, and overlying gatecontact via 816 are also seen from this perspective, along with anoverlying metal interconnect 860, all of which are disposed ininter-layer dielectric stacks or layers 870. Also seen from theperspective of FIG. 8A, the gate contact 814 is, in one embodiment,disposed over the non-planar active regions. As is also depicted in FIG.8A, an interface 880 exists between a doping profile of protruding finportions 804 and sub-fin regions 805, although other embodiments do notinclude such an interface in doping profile between these regions.

Referring to FIG. 8B, the gate structures 808 are shown as disposed overthe protruding fin portions 804, as isolated by self-aligned gate edgeisolation structures 820. Source and drain regions 804A and 804B of theprotruding fin portions 804 are shown in this perspective, although itis to be understood that these regions would be overlapped with trenchcontact structures. In one embodiment, the source and drain regions 804Aand 804B are doped portions of original material of the protruding finportions 804. In another embodiment, the material of the protruding finportions 804 is removed and replaced with another semiconductormaterial, e.g., by epitaxial deposition. In either case, the source anddrain regions 804A and 804B may extend below the height of dielectriclayer 806, i.e., into the sub-fin region 805.

In an embodiment, the semiconductor structure or device 800 is anon-planar device such as, but not limited to, a finFET or a tri-gatedevice. In such an embodiment, a corresponding semiconducting channelregion is composed of or is formed in a three-dimensional body. In onesuch embodiment, the gate structures 808 surround at least a top surfaceand a pair of sidewalls of the three-dimensional body.

Substrate 802 may be composed of a semiconductor material that canwithstand a manufacturing process and in which charge can migrate. In anembodiment, substrate 802 is a bulk substrate composed of a crystallinesilicon, silicon/germanium or germanium layer doped with a chargecarrier, such as but not limited to phosphorus, arsenic, boron or acombination thereof, to form active region 804. In one embodiment, theconcentration of silicon atoms in bulk substrate 802 is greater than97%. In another embodiment, bulk substrate 802 is composed of anepitaxial layer grown atop a distinct crystalline substrate, e.g. asilicon epitaxial layer grown atop a boron-doped bulk siliconmono-crystalline substrate. Bulk substrate 802 may alternatively becomposed of a group III-V material. In an embodiment, bulk substrate 802is composed of a III-V material such as, but not limited to, galliumnitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, indiumantimonide, indium gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, indiumgallium phosphide, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, bulksubstrate 802 is composed of a III-V material and the charge-carrierdopant impurity atoms are ones such as, but not limited to, carbon,silicon, germanium, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium.

Isolation region 806 may be composed of a material suitable toultimately electrically isolate, or contribute to the isolation of,portions of a permanent gate structure from an underlying bulk substrateor isolate active regions formed within an underlying bulk substrate,such as isolating fin active regions. For example, in one embodiment,the isolation region 806 is composed of a dielectric material such as,but not limited to, silicon dioxide, silicon oxy-nitride, siliconnitride, or carbon-doped silicon nitride.

Self-aligned gate edge isolation structures 820 may be composed of amaterial suitable to ultimately electrically isolate, or contribute tothe isolation of, portions of permanent gate structures from oneanother. For example, in one embodiment, the isolation region 806 iscomposed of a dielectric material such as, but not limited to, silicondioxide, silicon oxy-nitride, silicon nitride, or carbon-doped siliconnitride.

Gate structures 808 may be composed of a gate electrode stack whichincludes a gate dielectric layer 852 and a gate electrode layer 850. Inan embodiment, the gate electrode of the gate electrode stack iscomposed of a metal gate and the gate dielectric layer is composed of ahigh-K material. For example, in one embodiment, the gate dielectriclayer is composed of a material such as, but not limited to, hafniumoxide, hafnium oxy-nitride, hafnium silicate, lanthanum oxide, zirconiumoxide, zirconium silicate, tantalum oxide, barium strontium titanate,barium titanate, strontium titanate, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, leadscandium tantalum oxide, lead zinc niobate, or a combination thereof.Furthermore, a portion of gate dielectric layer may include a layer ofnative oxide formed from the top few layers of the substrate 802. In anembodiment, the gate dielectric layer is composed of a top high-kportion and a lower portion composed of an oxide of a semiconductormaterial. In one embodiment, the gate dielectric layer is composed of atop portion of hafnium oxide and a bottom portion of silicon dioxide orsilicon oxy-nitride.

In one embodiment, the gate electrode is composed of a metal layer suchas, but not limited to, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal silicides,metal aluminides, hafnium, zirconium, titanium, tantalum, aluminum,ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel or conductive metaloxides. In a specific embodiment, the gate electrode is composed of anon-workfunction-setting fill material formed above a metalworkfunction-setting layer.

Spacers associated with the gate electrode stacks may be composed of amaterial suitable to ultimately electrically isolate, or contribute tothe isolation of, a permanent gate structure from adjacent conductivecontacts, such as self-aligned contacts. For example, in one embodiment,the spacers are composed of a dielectric material such as, but notlimited to, silicon dioxide, silicon oxy-nitride, silicon nitride, orcarbon-doped silicon nitride.

Local interconnect 854, gate contact 814, and overlying gate contact via816 may be composed of a conductive material. In an embodiment, one ormore of the contacts or vias are composed of a metal species. The metalspecies may be a pure metal, such as tungsten, nickel, or cobalt, or maybe an alloy such as a metal-metal alloy or a metal-semiconductor alloy(e.g., such as a silicide material). It is to be appreciated that ahardmask layer may be disposed on the local interconnect 854 inlocations where gate contact 814 is not located thereon. Furthermore,the local interconnect 854 may be fabricated by lithographic patterningor, in other embodiments, may be fabricated as a self-alignedinterconnect structure, as aligned with taller versions of theSelf-aligned gate edge isolation structures 820.

In an embodiment (although not shown), providing structure 800 involvesformation of a contact pattern which is essentially perfectly aligned toan existing gate pattern while eliminating the use of a lithographicstep with exceedingly tight registration budget. In one such embodiment,this approach enables the use of intrinsically highly selective wetetching (e.g., versus conventionally implemented dry or plasma etching)to generate contact openings. In an embodiment, a contact pattern isformed by utilizing an existing gate pattern in combination with acontact plug lithography operation. In one such embodiment, the approachenables elimination of the need for an otherwise critical lithographyoperation to generate a contact pattern, as used in conventionalapproaches. In an embodiment, a trench contact grid is not separatelypatterned, but is rather formed between poly (gate) lines. For example,in one such embodiment, a trench contact grid is formed subsequent togate grating patterning but prior to gate grating cuts.

Furthermore, the gate structures 808 may be fabricated by a replacementgate process. In such a scheme, dummy gate material such as polysiliconor silicon nitride pillar material, may be removed and replaced withpermanent gate electrode material. In one such embodiment, a permanentgate dielectric layer is also formed in this process, as opposed tobeing carried through from earlier processing. In an embodiment, dummygates are removed by a dry etch or wet etch process. In one embodiment,dummy gates are composed of polycrystalline silicon or amorphous siliconand are removed with a dry etch process including use of SF₆. In anotherembodiment, dummy gates are composed of polycrystalline silicon oramorphous silicon and are removed with a wet etch process including useof aqueous NH₄OH or tetramethylammonium hydroxide. In one embodiment,dummy gates are composed of silicon nitride and are removed with a wetetch including aqueous phosphoric acid.

In an embodiment, one or more approaches described herein contemplateessentially a dummy and replacement gate process in combination with adummy and replacement contact process to arrive at structure 800. In onesuch embodiment, the replacement contact process is performed after thereplacement gate process to allow high temperature anneal of at least aportion of the permanent gate stack. For example, in a specific suchembodiment, an anneal of at least a portion of the permanent gatestructures, e.g., after a gate dielectric layer is formed, is performedat a temperature greater than approximately 600 degrees Celsius. Theanneal is performed prior to formation of the permanent contacts.

Referring again to FIG. 8A, in an embodiment, a semiconductor device hascontact structures that contact portions of a gate electrode formed overan active region. In general, prior to (e.g., in addition to) forming agate contact structure (such as a via) over an active portion of a gateand in a same layer as a trench contact via, one or more embodiments ofthe present invention include first using a gate aligned trench contactprocess. Such a process may be implemented to form trench contactstructures for semiconductor structure fabrication, e.g., for integratedcircuit fabrication. In an embodiment, a trench contact pattern isformed as aligned to an existing gate pattern. By contrast, conventionalapproaches typically involve an additional lithography process withtight registration of a lithographic contact pattern to an existing gatepattern in combination with selective contact etches. For example, aconventional process may include patterning of a poly (gate) grid withseparate patterning of contact features.

FIG. 9 illustrates a computing device 900 in accordance with oneimplementation of the invention. The computing device 900 houses a board902. The board 902 may include a number of components, including but notlimited to a processor 904 and at least one communication chip 906. Theprocessor 904 is physically and electrically coupled to the board 902.In some implementations the at least one communication chip 906 is alsophysically and electrically coupled to the board 902. In furtherimplementations, the communication chip 906 is part of the processor904.

Depending on its applications, computing device 900 may include othercomponents that may or may not be physically and electrically coupled tothe board 902. These other components include, but are not limited to,volatile memory (e.g., DRAM), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM), flashmemory, a graphics processor, a digital signal processor, a cryptoprocessor, a chipset, an antenna, a display, a touchscreen display, atouchscreen controller, a battery, an audio codec, a video codec, apower amplifier, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a compass, anaccelerometer, a gyroscope, a speaker, a camera, and a mass storagedevice (such as hard disk drive, compact disk (CD), digital versatiledisk (DVD), and so forth).

The communication chip 906 enables wireless communications for thetransfer of data to and from the computing device 900. The term“wireless” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits,devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc.,that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagneticradiation through a non-solid medium. The term does not imply that theassociated devices do not contain any wires, although in someembodiments they might not. The communication chip 906 may implement anyof a number of wireless standards or protocols, including but notlimited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE802.20, long term evolution (LTE), Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE,GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, Bluetooth, derivatives thereof, as well asany other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, andbeyond. The computing device 900 may include a plurality ofcommunication chips 906. For instance, a first communication chip 906may be dedicated to shorter range wireless communications such as Wi-Fiand Bluetooth and a second communication chip 906 may be dedicated tolonger range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA,WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others.

The processor 904 of the computing device 900 includes an integratedcircuit die packaged within the processor 904. In some implementationsof the invention, the integrated circuit die of the processor includesone or more devices, such as MOS-FET transistors built in accordancewith implementations of the invention. The term “processor” may refer toany device or portion of a device that processes electronic data fromregisters and/or memory to transform that electronic data into otherelectronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory.

The communication chip 906 also includes an integrated circuit diepackaged within the communication chip 906. In accordance with anotherimplementation of the invention, the integrated circuit die of thecommunication chip includes one or more devices, such as MOS-FETtransistors built in accordance with implementations of the invention.

In further implementations, another component housed within thecomputing device 900 may contain an integrated circuit die that includesone or more devices, such as MOS-FET transistors built in accordancewith implementations of the invention.

In various implementations, the computing device 900 may be a laptop, anetbook, a notebook, an ultrabook, a smartphone, a tablet, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), an ultra mobile PC, a mobile phone, a desktopcomputer, a server, a printer, a scanner, a monitor, a set-top box, anentertainment control unit, a digital camera, a portable music player,or a digital video recorder. In further implementations, the computingdevice 900 may be any other electronic device that processes data.

Thus, embodiments of the present invention include self-aligned gateedge and local interconnect structures and methods of fabricatingself-aligned gate edge and local interconnect structures.

In an embodiment, a semiconductor structure includes a semiconductor findisposed above a substrate and having a length in a first direction. Agate structure is disposed over the semiconductor fin, the gatestructure having a first end opposite a second end in a seconddirection, orthogonal to the first direction. A pair of gate edgeisolation structures is centered with the semiconductor fin. A first ofthe pair of gate edge isolation structures is disposed directly adjacentto the first end of the gate structure, and a second of the pair of gateedge isolation structures is disposed directly adjacent to the secondend of the gate structure.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor structure further includes sourceand drain regions disposed in the semiconductor fin, on either side ofthe gate structure. A first trench contact is disposed over the sourceregion and a second trench contact disposed over the drain region. Eachof the first and second trench contacts has a first end opposite asecond end in the second direction. The first of the pair of gate edgeisolation structures is disposed directly adjacent to the first end ofthe first trench contact and to the first end of the second trenchcontact. The second of the pair of gate edge isolation structures isdisposed directly adjacent to the second end of the first trench contactand to the second end of the second trench contact.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor structure further includes a secondsemiconductor fin disposed above the substrate and having a length inthe first direction, the second semiconductor fin spaced apart from thefirst semiconductor fin. A second gate structure is disposed over thesecond semiconductor fin, the second gate structure having a first endopposite a second end in the second direction. The second of the pair ofgate edge isolation structures is disposed directly adjacent to thefirst end of the second gate structure. A third gate edge isolationstructure is disposed directly adjacent to the second end of the secondgate structure. The third gate edge isolation structure and the secondof the pair of gate edge isolation structures are centered with thesecond semiconductor fin.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor structure further includes a localinterconnect disposed above and electrically coupling the first andsecond gate structures.

In one embodiment, the local interconnect is self-aligned with the pairof and the third gate edge isolation structures.

In one embodiment, the gate structure is an N-type gate structure, andthe second gate structure is a P-type gate structure.

In one embodiment, the gate structure includes a high-k gate dielectriclayer and a metal gate electrode.

In one embodiment, the pair of gate edge isolation structures iscomposed of a material such as, but not limited to, silicon oxide,silicon nitride, silicon carbide, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, a semiconductor structure includes a semiconductor findisposed above a substrate and having a length. Alternating source/drainand channel regions are disposed in the length of the semiconductor fin,each source/drain region having an associated trench contact disposedover the semiconductor fin, and each channel region having an associatedgate structure disposed over the semiconductor fin. The semiconductorstructure also includes a plurality of gate edge isolation structures.An adjacent trench contact and gate structure are separated by one gateedge isolation structure of the plurality of gate edge isolationstructures. A gate local interconnect is disposed above one of the gatestructures and between a pair of the plurality of gate edge isolationstructures.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor structure further includes adielectric cap disposed on the gate local interconnect, the dielectriccap disposed between the pair of the plurality of gate edge isolationstructures.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor structure further includes a trenchcontact local interconnect disposed above one of the trench contacts andbetween a second pair of the plurality of gate edge isolationstructures.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor structure further includes adielectric cap disposed on the trench contact local interconnect, thedielectric cap disposed between the second pair of the plurality of gateedge isolation structures.

In one embodiment, each gate structure includes a high-k gate dielectriclayer and a metal gate electrode.

In one embodiment, each of the plurality of gate edge isolationstructures is composed of a material such as, but not limited to,silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, or a combinationthereof.

In an embodiment, a semiconductor structure includes a semiconductor findisposed above a substrate and having a length. Alternating source/drainand channel regions are disposed in the length of the semiconductor fin,each source/drain region having an associated trench contact disposedover the semiconductor fin, and each channel region having an associatedgate structure disposed over the semiconductor fin. The semiconductorstructure also includes a plurality of gate edge isolation structures.An adjacent trench contact and gate structure are separated by one gateedge isolation structure of the plurality of gate edge isolationstructures. A trench contact local interconnect is disposed above one ofthe trench contacts and between a pair of the plurality of gate edgeisolation structures.

In one embodiment, the semiconductor structure further includes adielectric cap disposed on the trench contact local interconnect, thedielectric cap disposed between the pair of the plurality of gate edgeisolation structures.

In one embodiment, each gate structure includes a high-k gate dielectriclayer and a metal gate electrode.

In one embodiment, each of the plurality of gate edge isolationstructures is composed of a material such as, but not limited to,silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, or a combinationthereof.

In an embodiment, a method of fabricating a semiconductor structureinvolves forming first and second parallel semiconductor fins above asubstrate. The method also involves forming dummy spacers adjacent thesidewalls of each of the first and second semiconductor fins. The dummyspacers of the first semiconductor fin are non-continuous with the dummyspacers of the second semiconductor fin. The method also involvesforming an isolation structure between the dummy spacers of the firstand second semiconductor fins. The method also involves removing thedummy spacers. The method also involves forming a first replacement gatestructure over the first semiconductor fin and a second replacement gatestructure over the second semiconductor fin, wherein the first andsecond gate structures are directly adjacent to, and separated from oneanother by, the isolation structure.

In one embodiment, the method also involves forming a first pair oftrench contacts over the first semiconductor fin and a second pair oftrench contacts over the second semiconductor fin. The first and pairsof trench contacts are directly adjacent to, and separated from oneanother by, the isolation structure.

In one embodiment, the method also involves, subsequent to forming anisolation structure and prior to removing the dummy spacers, recessingthe first and second semiconductor fins.

In one embodiment, forming the dummy spacers involves forming andetching a polycrystalline silicon layer.

In one embodiment, forming the isolation structure involves depositingand planarizing a material such as, but not limited to, silicon oxide,silicon nitride, silicon carbide, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, forming one or both of the first and secondreplacement gate structures involves forming a high-k gate dielectriclayer and a metal gate electrode.

In one embodiment, the method also involves forming a local interconnectabove and electrically coupling the first and second replacement gatestructures.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit structure, comprising: afirst semiconductor fin disposed above a substrate and having a lengthin a first direction; a first gate structure disposed over the firstsemiconductor fin, the first gate structure having a first end oppositea second end in a second direction, orthogonal to the first direction;first and second gate edge isolation structures, wherein the first gateedge isolation structure is spaced equally from a first side of thefirst semiconductor fin as the second gate edge isolation structure isspaced from a second side of the first semiconductor fin; second andthird semiconductor fins disposed above the substrate without anintervening gate edge isolation structure between the second and thirdsemiconductor fins, the second and third semiconductor fins having alength in the first direction, wherein the second gate edge isolationstructure is spaced equally from the second side of the firstsemiconductor fin and a side of the second semiconductor fin proximatethe second gate edge isolation structure; a second gate structuredisposed over the second and third semiconductor fins, the second gatestructure having a first end opposite a second end in the seconddirection; and a third gate edge isolation structure spaced equally froma side of the third semiconductor fin proximate the third gate edgeisolation structure as the second gate edge isolation structure isspaced from the side of the second semiconductor fin proximate thesecond gate edge isolation structure.
 2. The integrated circuitstructure of claim 1, wherein the first gate edge isolation structuresis disposed directly adjacent to the first end of the first gatestructure, and the second gate edge isolation structure is disposeddirectly adjacent to the second end of the first gate structure.
 3. Theintegrated circuit structure of claim 2, wherein the second gate edgeisolation structure is disposed directly adjacent to the first end ofthe second gate structure, and the third gate edge isolation structureis disposed directly adjacent to the second end of the second gatestructure.
 4. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1, wherein thefirst and second gate structures comprise a high-k gate dielectric layerand a metal gate electrode.
 5. The integrated circuit structure of claim1, further comprising: source or drain regions disposed in the first,second and third semiconductor fins.
 6. The integrated circuit structureof claim 1, further comprising: a local interconnect disposed above andelectrically coupling the first and second gate structures.
 7. Theintegrated circuit structure of claim 6, wherein the local interconnectis self-aligned with the first, second and third gate edge isolationstructures.
 8. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1, wherein thefirst gate structure is an N-type gate structure, and the second gatestructure is a P-type gate structure.
 9. The integrated circuitstructure of claim 1, wherein the first gate structure is a P-type gatestructure, and the second gate structure is an N-type gate structure.10. The integrated circuit structure of claim 1, wherein the first gatestructure is an N-type gate structure, and the second gate structure isan N-type gate structure.
 11. The integrated circuit structure of claim1, wherein the first gate structure is a P-type gate structure, and thesecond gate structure is a P-type gate structure.
 12. The integratedcircuit structure of claim 1, wherein the first, second and third gateedge isolation structures comprise a material selected from the groupconsisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and acombination thereof.
 13. A computing device, comprising: a board; and acomponent coupled to the board, the component including an integratedcircuit structure, comprising: a first semiconductor fin disposed abovea substrate and having a length in a first direction; a first gatestructure disposed over the first semiconductor fin, the first gatestructure having a first end opposite a second end in a seconddirection, orthogonal to the first direction; first and second gate edgeisolation structures, wherein the first gate edge isolation structure isspaced equally from a first side of the first semiconductor fin as thesecond gate edge isolation structure is spaced from a second side of thefirst semiconductor fin; second and third semiconductor fins disposedabove the substrate without an intervening gate edge isolation structurebetween the second and third semiconductor fins, the second and thirdsemiconductor fins having a length in the first direction, wherein thesecond gate edge isolation structure is spaced equally from the secondside of the first semiconductor fin and a side of the secondsemiconductor fin proximate the second gate edge isolation structure; asecond gate structure disposed over the second and third semiconductorfins, the second gate structure having a first end opposite a second endin the second direction; and a third gate edge isolation structurespaced equally from a side of the third semiconductor fin proximate thethird gate edge isolation structure as the second gate edge isolationstructure is spaced from the side of the second semiconductor finproximate the second gate edge isolation structure.
 14. The computingdevice of claim 13, further comprising: a memory coupled to the board.15. The computing device of claim 13, further comprising: acommunication chip coupled to the board.
 16. The computing device ofclaim 13, further comprising: a camera coupled to the board.
 17. Thecomputing device of claim 13, further comprising: a battery coupled tothe board.
 18. The computing device of claim 13, further comprising: anantenna coupled to the board.
 19. The computing device of claim 13,wherein the component is a packaged integrated circuit die.
 20. Thecomputing device of claim 13, wherein the computing device is selectedfrom the group consisting of a mobile phone, a laptop, a desk topcomputer, a server, and a set-top box.